Ingredient evidence vs finished-product evidence

This distinction is central to responsible supplement research.

Why extrapolation can fail

A study may use a different dose, extract, formulation, duration or population. A finished product can also combine ingredients in ways the individual study did not examine.

What stronger support looks like

For objective health-benefit claims, high-quality controlled human research that is relevant to the specific claim carries substantially more weight than testimonials, mechanistic speculation or studies of unrelated formulations.